![]() La Percezione Visiva Il Mulino: Bologna, Italy, 2021. Improving searching and reading performance: The effect of highlighting and text color coding. On the role of color in reading and comprehension tasks in dyslexic children and adults. New conditions on the role of color in perceptual organization and an extension to how color influences reading. A new illusion of floating motion in depth. Search asymmetry: A diagnostic for preattentive processing of separable features. Feature analysis in early vision: Evidence from search asymmetries. A feature-integration theory of attention. In A Psychology of the Creative Eye University of California Press: Berkeley, CA, USA Los Angeles, CA, USA, 1954. On Wertheimer’s principles of organization. Visuell Wahrgenommene Figuren Gyldendalske Boghandel: Copenhagen, Denmark, 1921. Synsoplevede Figurer Glydendalske: Copenhagen, Denmark, 1915. Integrating region growing and edge detection. Textons, the elements of texture perception, and their interactions. A theory of preattentive texture discrimination based on first-order statistics of textons. Neural dynamics of form perception: Boundary completion, illusory figures, and neon color spreading. The topological approach to perceptual organization. On the role of contrast polarity in perceptual organization: A Gestalt approach. Illusory figures: From logic to phenomenology. Untersuchungen zur Lehre von der Gestalt II. Untersuchungen zur Lehre von der Gestalt. Untersuchungen über das Sehen von Bewegung. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Starting and ending points are absent in the other two conditions as a consequence, the trapezoid illusion is reduced or absent. The trapezoid effect is stronger going from the periphery to the center of the rays than vice versa. Moreover, in the first two conditions, there are unique initial and ending points for one to begin or finish seeing. The direction and the eye movements imparted and following the arrangement of the checks increases or reduces this effect. The longest side of each illusory trapezium is facing the center of the radial grouping, which enhances the effect that, in its turn, it is reduced in the concentric and checker-boarded arrangements. A further phenomenon that is easily noticed is the trapezoid distortion of each square, mostly in the radial conditions, i.e., the first two. The third is concentric and the fourth is checker-boarded. The first two arrangements are radial with the first one due to proximity, the second to similarity. Similar variations in the arrangement of the elements can be achieved by replacing the circular elements with squares, as shown in Figure 16. The results demonstrated the necessity to introduce a principle of dissimilarity that is complementary to similarity as already studied by Gestalt psychologists. ![]() Dissimilarity was shown as a basic principle of figure–ground segregation, as a tool useful to create at will new groups and visual objects within patterns where they are totally invisible, as an attribute that is able to accentuate different shape components within the same object, as a way to distort shapes and create visual illusions, but also to reduce or annul them and, finally, to decompose, ungroup and reshape single objects. Limits and incompleteness of the similarity principle have suggested the basic, more general and stronger role of dissimilarity in perceptual grouping under a large variety of conditions. More generally, this work aims to show that the Gestalt principle of similarity alone is not sufficient for a full understanding of perceptual organization occurring both in the classical and mostly in the new phenomena here presented. ![]() The main purpose of this work is to explore the Gestalt principle of similarity and to demonstrate that the use of this term alone is not sufficient to understand the dynamics of grouping fully and correctly.
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